Fig. 5: Electrocatalytic performance.

a LSV curves of SC-MHEO collected in 1.0 M KOH with and without 10 mM HMF. b LSV curves and c summarized Tafel slopes, and d capacitive currents of SC-MHEO, SC-M-Co3O4, and P-HEO collected in 1.0 M KOH and 10 mM HMF. e Conversion of HMF and selectivity of FDCA for HMFOR electrocatalyzed by SC-MHEO (error bars are determined from five replicate trials at different potentials). f Conversion of HMF, selectivity of FDCA, and FE of FDCA electrocatalyzed by SC-MHEO for 10 consecutive cycles of HMFOR. g Comparisons of key HMFOR performance parameters for SC-MHEO, P-HEO, and SC-M-Co3O4 (A: conversion; B: FDCA yield; C: FE; D: current density at 1.43 V; E: ECSA). h Performance comparisons of SC-MHEO with the state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for FDCA electrosynthesis from HMFOR.