Fig. 7: Two-electrode cell.

a LSV curves of SC-MHEO collected in 1.0 M KOH with and without 0.10 M KNO3. b NH3 yield rates and FENH3 values of SC-MHEO collected in 1.0 M KOH and 0.10 M KNO3 (error bars are determined from five replicate trials at different potentials). c Recycling stability tests of SC-MHEO collected in 1.0 M KOH and 0.10 M KNO3. d Schematic illustration of two-electrode coupling system for anode HMFOR and cathode NO3−RR electrocatalysis. e Conversion of HMF and selectivity of FDCA for HMFOR electrocatalysis by SC-MHEO in a two-electrode coupling system. f Conversion, selectivity and FE of cathode and anode in the two-electrode cell after being tested for 10 h.