Fig. 1: Design principles and physical property studies of electrolytes.

a Schematic design of electrolyte solvation structure from Conventional electrolyte to WCIE. b ESP of various solvents under vacuum conditions calculated by Density functional theory (DFT). c The calculated ESP minimum valves (eV) for various solvents are summarized. d Diagram of Donor number and dielectric constant for solvents. e Deconvolution analyses of FEC and NaTFSI Raman spectra from the solvents and electrolytes. f Summary of physical property data for different electrolytes.