Fig. 2: Characterization of VPQDs.

a Simplified steps for VPQDs synthesis. b Simulated VP with side and aerial views. c TEM image of VPQDs. Insert: size distribution of VPQDs. d AFM image of VPQDs and height of VPQDs corresponding to marked lines. e Photographs of water, VPNSs, and VPQDs under natural light and ultraviolet light. f HRTEM image of VPQDs. g Corresponding FFT image of VPQDs in (f). Blue, yellow, and red circles represent (400), (212), and (013) planes, respectively. Insert: inverse FFT image of the lightest point at (400) planes. h XRD spectrum of VPQDs, simulated bulk VP, and the powder diffraction file of VP (PDF#44-0906). Each experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results.