Fig. 8: In vivo immune activated by VPCaNPs 14 days post i.v. administration.

a Dendritic cells maturation (CD45⁺CD11c⁺CD80⁺) and (b) activation (CD45⁺CD11c⁺I-A^b+) in draining lymph node. c Scale of tumor infiltrated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL, CD45⁺CD3⁺CD8⁺). d TNF-α and (e) IFN-γ contents in tumor tissues measured by ELISA. f Ratio of tumor infiltrated M₁ (CD86⁺) to M₂ (CD206⁺) tumor-associated macrophages (TAM, CD45⁺CD11b⁺F4/80). Data are presented as the mean with SD (n = 3) independent samples in (a–c, f), n = 4 independent samples in (d, e). Statistical differences were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. g Scatter diagram of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, CD11b⁺Ly6C⁺Ly6G^-/CD11b⁺ Ly6C^-Ly6G⁺) in spleen. Immunofluorescence images of (h) Ki67 and (i) MMP9 of tumors. The saline groups were control groups. Each experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results.