Fig. 1: Alternation of cell wall polymer composition due to caspofungin treatment.

a Chemical structure of caspofungin (CAS), highlighting the cyclic peptide in blue and the lipid component in yellow. b Simplified structures of fungal cell wall polysaccharides. NMR abbreviations are provided for each polysaccharide or monosaccharide unit. c Growth profiles of A. fumigatus without (apo) and with caspofungin as a change in dry mass. d Cell wall thickness of young and old samples determined using TEM images. Open circles: mean values. n = 75 for 0.5 d and 2 d apo samples. n = 120 for 0.5 d, 1 d, 10 d CAS-treated samples, and 2 d apo samples. n = 200 for other samples. e 1D ¹³C CP spectra of 3-day-old A. fumigatus samples showing the compositional difference of rigid polysaccharides. Top: apo sample; bottom: overlay of spectra from apo (black) and caspofungin-treated (orange) samples. f Comparison of 2D ¹³C-¹³C spectra of 3-day-old cell walls. The missing peaks of β−1,3-glucans in drug-treated samples are highlighted using blue boxes. g Molar composition of rigid (top) and mobile (bottom) cell wall polysaccharides of 3-day-old samples estimated using volumes of resolved cross peaks in 2D ¹³C CORD and DP refocused J-INADEQUATE spectra. Ch: chitin, Cs: chitosan, B: β−1,3-glucan, G: β−1,4-glucose residue, A: α−1,3-glucan. For α−1,3-glucan in the rigid portion, the inner pie chart displays the total amount, while the outer circle shows the individual content of three subtypes (A^a, A^b, and A^c). B^Br: β−1,3,6-glucose residue (the branching point), GM: galactomannan, Galf: galactofuranose, Mn^1,2: α−1,2-mannose, Mn^1,6: α−1,6-mannose. For the mobile phase, the inner pie chart depicts the total content of each polysaccharide, while the outer circle shows the monosaccharide units or subtypes. h Changes of the total Glc (α- and β-glucan) and GlcN/GlcNAc (chitosan and chitin) in 3-day-old cell wall using GC-MS and HPLC after acid hydrolysis. i Detection of two chitosan types (Cs^a and Cs^b) in drug-treated 3-day-old sample in 2D CORD spectra. j Presence of both chitosan forms in 3-day-old caspofungin-treated sample across both rigid fraction (black; CORD spectra) and mobile fraction (yellow; sheared refocused DP J-INADEQUATE spectra). For c and d, data are mean ± s.e. n = 3 replicates for c and n = 200 in 10 cells for each sample in d. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.