Fig. 1: Global impervious surface area (ISA) expansion and the associated carbon emissions over 1993–2018.
From: Substantial terrestrial carbon emissions from global expansion of impervious surface area
a Global annual increases in impervious surface area. b Cumulative increases in ISA from different land cover sources. c Annual carbon losses from direct land-use effects of ISA expansion with upper and lower boundaries. d Annual carbon losses from biomass (including live biomass, surface litter and dead wood) and soil organic carbon, respectively. Please note that stacked bars of soil organic carbon (SOC) emission with the upper and lower boundary are both based on the same biomass bars. e and f represent cumulative carbon losses from different source land covers with the lower and upper boundary, respectively. The red thick line with dots in panel (a) shows the average of the results from the four ISA products (i.e., GAUD, GAIA, ESA CCI and GISA), which is also used in panels (b–f). Shaded regions around the lines in panel (c) show the range of the estimates from the four ISA products. Panels (b), (e) and (f) share the same legend.
