Fig. 1: AC electric field de-poling for AC poled PIN-PMN-PT single crystals.

a Schematic illustrations of experimental procedures for PIN-PMN-PT single crystals that were first poled by AC electric fields and then depoled by AC electric fields. b Dielectric constants, (c) piezoelectric coefficients, and (d) impedance spectrum of the PIN-PMN-PT single crystals after applying AC electric fields for de-poling. Error bars indicate the sample standard deviation of n = 3 measurements carried out on independent samples. The peak amplitudes, cycles, and frequencies of the AC electric fields were varied to investigate how poled states change in response to external electric fields. Compared to the de-poling by DC electric fields (Fig. S2), AC electric fields can readily induce an almost completely depoled state by simply adjusting the amplitude and frequency of AC electric fields.