Table 1 Characteristics of the 16 CMIP6 models used in this study: horizontal resolution in the Arctic, atmospheric model component, ocean model component, sea ice model component, ice-ocean drag coefficient, and reference

From: Future sea ice weakening amplifies wind-driven trends in surface stress and Arctic Ocean spin-up

Model

Resolution

Atmospheric model

Ocean model

Sea ice model

10−3Cw

Reference

CAMS-CSM1-0

54 km

ECHAM5-CAMS

MOM41

SIS1.0

3.24

68

CanESM5

50 km

CanEM5

NEMO3.4.1

LIM2

5.0

69

CESM2

41 km

CAM6

POP2

CICE5

5.36

70

CMCC-ESM2

49 km

CAM5.4

NEMO3.6

CICE4

n/a

71

CNRM-CM6-1

49 km

ARPEGE

NEMO3.6

GELATO

10

72

EC-Earth3

49 km

IFS 36r4

NEMO3.6

LIM3

5.0

73

FIO-ESM-2-0

50 km

CAM5

POP2

CICE4

5.36

74

GFDL-CM4

9 km

AM4

MOM6

SIS2

3.24

75

GFDL-ESM4

18 km

AM4

MOM6

SIS2

3.24

76

HadGEM3-GC31-LL

49 km

GA7

NEMO3.6

CICE5.1

10

77

IPSL-CM6A-LR

49 km

LMDZ6A

NEMO3.2

LIM3.6

5.0

78

MIROC6

39 km

AGM

COCO4.9

COCO4.9

20

79

MPI-ESM1-2-HR

36 km

ECHAM6.3

MPIOM1.63

MPIOM1.63

4.5

80

MRI-ESM2-0

39 km

MRIAGCM3.5

MRI.COMv4

MRI.COMv4

5.5

81

NorESM2-MM

38 km

CAM6-Nor

BLOM (MICOM)

CICE5

5.36

29

UKESM1-0-LL

50 km

MetUM-GA7

NEMO3.6

CICE5

n/a

82

  1. The horizontal resolution in the Arctic (2nd column) was calculated as the square root of the total area north of 70∘N divided by the number of points the model has north of 70∘N. Parameters used in this study include: tauuo, tauvo, siconc, sithick, sivol, siv, siu, sfcwind, tauu, tauv, siforceinstrx, siforceinstry, sistrxdtop, sistrxubot, sistrydtop, sistryubot, tas, psl, uo, and vo. All models employ a constant ice-ocean drag coefficient Cw, with values given above.
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