Fig. 1: Cellular electron flows during respiration and fermentation. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Cellular electron flows during respiration and fermentation.

From: Engineering new-to-nature biochemical conversions by combining fermentative metabolism with respiratory modules

Fig. 1

A Schematic representation of the electron transport chain. Electrons are transferred (blue arrows) from reducing equivalents to the NADH dehydrogenases (blue, Ndh and Nuo) and quinone dehydrogenases (orange, either NAD(P)H dependent ones or others, for example the succinate dehydrogenase). Quinones serve as intermediate electron carrier until oxygen serves as final electron acceptor for the terminal oxidases (green). Nuo and the terminal oxidases are generating a proton (H+) gradient which powers the ATPase (violet). This transfer allows quinone reduction to quinol; transfer through the respiratory chain is indicated by blue arrows. Abbreviations: H+, Q/QH2—quinone/quinole. B Stoichiometry of homolactic fermentations. Left: balanced fermentation of glucose; middle: unbalanced fermentation of glycerol; right: re-balanced controlled respiro-fermentation of glycerol through the quinone-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (encoded by glpD).

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