Fig. 1: Study on the fine structure of catalyst and the position of V atom.

a HAADF TEM image and EDS mappings of the 2VNA catalyst. Scale bar, 2 nm; Scale bar in the EDS mapping images, 2 nm. b k3-weight FT EXAFS spectrum of the 2VNA catalyst. The dashed lines represent the V-O scattering paths. Inset: sketched structure of the V atom. c V K-edge XANES spectrums of the 2VNA, V foil, VO2, and V2O5. d Side-view HAADF-STEM image of the 2VNA catalyst. Inset: the ball-stacked model in the yellow dotted box. Scale bar, 1 nm. e, f Enlarged view of the red dotted box in d. The top-view and side-view structure model is shown in the upper (e). f1 and f2 give the atomic contrast curves at the green boxes, and V atoms anchored on 2VNA (110). g Characterization of valence distribution of vanadium by XPS. h V K-edge WT EXAFS spectrums of the 2VNA, V foil, VO2 and V2O5.