Fig. 6: DFT calculation for electronic state over monoatomic vanadium-based catalyst.

Side-view and top-view of optimized structural model of (a) ATO, (b, c) 2VA. Comparative analysis of the 2VA catalyst performance before and after electric field application via DFT calculations: characterizations including (b, c) crystalline structure, (d) band Structure, (e, f) density of states, and (g, h) COHP. The electric field is set to 0.01 V/Å, and the direction is omnidirectional.