Fig. 5: Electrolyte-regulated synaptic plasticity and simulation of oxidative stress-associated biological activities.

a ΔPSC responses to various concentrations of H₂SO₄ solution (top) and Na₂SO₄ solution (bottom). b ΔPSC responses in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ solution at different pH values. c ΔPSC responses in PBS solution with various concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA). d Schematic illustration of the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in humans. Excessive ROS leads to synaptic dysfunction and age-related diseases. e Schematic illustration of cognitive decline caused by excessive ROS. f Synaptic responses in PBS solution with different concentrations of H₂O₂. g Learning-forgetting-relearning behavior under normal and impaired conditions simulated by the photoelectrochemical synapse. h The simulation of visual perception and memory under normal and impaired conditions using the photoelectrochemical synapse. Light pulses of 255 nm and 12 µW cm⁻² were used. In current mode, t_p = Δt = 0.2 s. In voltage mode, t_p = Δt = 1 s. Note that we take the absolute value of the postsynaptic current (-ΔPSC) for performance comparison in Figs. 5a, b, and c.