Fig. 6: TaHRP1 induces chloroplast-derived ROS accumulation by activating PhANGs.

a Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that the transcriptional activities of PhANGs were activated by TaHRP1. The corresponding reporter and effector constructs were simultaneously transformed into N. benthamiana leaves, and the enzyme activities of firefly luciferase (LUC) and Renilla luciferase (REN) were detected at 48 hpi. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three biological replicates. The P value was determined by a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. b Suppression of TaHRP1-activated PhANGs expression in N. benthamiana leaves transiently expressing TaPIR1. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three biological replicates. The P value was determined by a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test for multiple comparisons. c Assays for electron transport rate (ETR), maximum dark-adapted quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) in N. benthamiana leaves infiltrated with Agrobacterium expressing TaHRP1, TaHRP1^H/A, or GFP. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three biological replicates. The P value was determined by a two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. d Suppression of TaHRP1-induced ROS in chloroplasts by TaPIR1. Tobacco leaves infiltrated with Agrobacterium expressing TaHRP1 and TaPIR1, TaHRP1^H/A, TaPIR1 alone (control), or TaHRP1 treated with H₂DCF-DA were observed for DCF signals. Bar = 20 μm. Similar results are obtained from three independent biological experiments. e N. benthamiana leaves treated with H₂DCF-DA were observed via confocal microscopy for DCF signals at 48 hpi with Agrobacterium strains expressing PhANGs. Bar = 20 μm. Similar results are obtained from three independent biological experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.