Fig. 5: Large-scale H2 production might be limited by renewable electricity and natural resources. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Large-scale H2 production might be limited by renewable electricity and natural resources.

From: Future hydrogen economies imply environmental trade-offs and a supply-demand mismatch

Fig. 5

a Installed capacities. b Cost. c GHG emissions. d Water consumption. e Copper utilization. f Iridium utilization. g Neodymium utilization. h Praseodymium utilization. i Dysprosium utilization. PV photovoltaic, CCS carbon capture and storage, SMR steam methane reforming, O&M operation & maintenance, BAU business-as-usual, Ref. Reference, IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency, GHG greenhouse gas. The error bars represent uncertainties concerning material efficiency improvements71.

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