Fig. 2: 3D TEM tomography and ex situ synchrotron XAFS study of RuNi/NC.

a–c HAADF and AC-STEM images of RuNi/NC. d 3D visualization of a single RuNi/NC nanoparticle, showing the partial embedding of RuNi nanoalloy within the carbon nanocage shell, achieved through electron tomography technique. e Cross-section of RuNi/NC, highlighting the multilayer porous shell and hollow cavity of the carbon nanocage. f Laminated cross-sections and isosurfaces of RuNi/NC. g XANES and (h) FT-EXAFS spectra at the Ni K-edge of Ni@NC, RuNi/NC, Ni foil, and NiO. i XANES and (j) FT-EXAFS spectra at the Ru K-edge of RuNi/NC, Ru foil, and RuO2. Wavelet transform analysis of (k) Ni K-edge and (l) Ru K-edge EXAFS oscillations of RuNi/NC.