Fig. 9: Ethiopian children aged 0–59 months with ProPD showed differences in only a few gut commensals compared to AD cases, and all ProPD cases did not segregate into a single cluster.

Heatmap depiction of differentially abundant taxa between ProPD cases and AD cases as determined by DESeq2 (two-sided Wald test) differential abundance testing (q < 0.05 corrected for multiple testing by the Benjamini-Hochberg method) and adjusted for age group, enrollment season, enrollment site, sex, WAM index, current breastfeeding status, dysentery, and children’s caretaker. Subsequently, differences were tested by two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test and corrected by the Benjamini-Hochberg method resulting in the stated exact q values found in Supplementary Table 4. Clusters: de novo clustering of the ProPD cases and AD cases using Canberra distances metrics and the proportions of ProPD cases and AD cases are determined by Chi-square test (two-sided) in each cluster with unadjusted p values.