Fig. 4: Bionic pufferfish with electromagnetic actuator using 3D Curved High-Density Liquid Metal Coils (HD-LMC) integrated unit. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Bionic pufferfish with electromagnetic actuator using 3D Curved High-Density Liquid Metal Coils (HD-LMC) integrated unit.

From: Transformable 3D curved high-density liquid metal coils – an integrated unit for general soft actuation, sensing and communication

Fig. 4: Bionic pufferfish with electromagnetic actuator using 3D Curved High-Density Liquid Metal Coils (HD-LMC) integrated unit.

a. Structural design of the flexible bionic pufferfish. b. The internal motion frame can be swung at an angle of 22.8°. c. Conceptual diagram of HD-LMC as an electromagnetic actuator. d. Electromagnetic force of the actuator under different currents. The maximum can be 58.67 mN, and the experimental and theoretical results are in high agreement. e. Under a square wave signal, the bionic pufferfish can execute a tail-swinging motion. f. Square wave drive current at three different frequencies. g. Kinematic behavior of bionic pufferfish in water at three current frequencies. h. Kinematic displacement of bionic pufferfish in water. All error bars are the standard deviation of three independent samples. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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