Fig. 2: Forest plot of multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) effects of lifetime smoking exposure and drinks per week on HNSCC risk stratified by human papilloma virus (HPV) status, using different MR approaches.
From: Smoking and alcohol by HPV status in head and neck cancer: a Mendelian randomization study
Effect estimates were obtained using summary-level data for drinks per week (n = 226,223) and the comprehensive smoking index (n = 226,223) on HPV-positive HNSCC risk (n = 1105 cases and 3469 controls) and HPV-negative HNSCC (n = 2326 cases and 3469 controls). Comprehensive smoking index and drinks per week estimates are reported per SD change. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. All statistical tests were two-sided. CSI comprehensive smoking index; “drinks” refers to alcoholic drink equivalents, IVW inverse variance-weighted, HPV−, HPV-negative, HPV+, HPV−positive, CI confidence interval.
