Fig. 6: Model of vitamin A or radical-trapping antioxidants suppressing ferroptosis to promote neuronal development.

This graphical summary shows that lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis must be suppressed to generate mature neurons. This is achieved either through the action of radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs) or by transcriptional up-regulation of ferroptosis gatekeepers GPX4, FSP1, GCH1, and ACSL3 by all-trans retinoic acid (vitamin A). Vitamin A has a dual function in suppressing ferroptosis as both retinal and retinol have RTA activity.