Fig. 4: Treatment with MoS2 nanoflowers stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis.
From: Atomic vacancies of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis
A Schematic showing mitochondrial genome (mt-DNA), indicating mitochondrial encoded proteins. B Visualization of mitochondrial gene expression in cells with and without MoS2 (1:6) treatment. Data indicates enhanced expression of the entire mitochondrial genome in cells treated with MoS2 (1:6). C The effect of high atomic vacancies MoS2 on mitochondrial biogenesis. A significant increase in mt-DNA encoded transcript (ND2), as well as copy number (mitochondrial DNA / nuclear DNA), shows that MoS2 (1:6) treatment results in a significant increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. (Data represented as mean ± SD, with n = 3 biological replicates. Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed student t test, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). D Western blotting is used to determine the relative expression of key mitochondrial proteins. MoS2 (1:6) treatment results in significant upregulation of ATP5B, SDHB, UQCRC2, VDAC1 (Data represented as mean ± SD, with n = 4 biological replicates. Statistical significance was determined using one-tailed student t test, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). E GSEA enrichment of C3: Regulatory Target (TFT: Transcription Factor Targets) for cells following treatment with MoS2 (1:6). F Relative protein levels of PGC-1α in cells following treatment with MoS2 (1:6) were evaluated using Western blotting. MoS2 treated cells show increased expression of PGC-1α at both 3 and 7 days respectively, following treatment. (Data represented as mean ± SD, with n = 4 biological replicates. Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed student t test, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). G Temporal expression of TFAM was monitored for 7 days with and without MoS2 (1:6) treatment. A 6-fold increase in peak expression due to treatment with MoS2 (1:6) was observed. (Data represented as mean ± SD, with n = 4 biological replicates. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA with Sidak multiple comparisons tests, n.s. p > 0.05, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001).
