Fig. 2: Phenotypic and genetic correlations of retinal vascular IDPs and their heritabilities.

a Phenotypic (upper-right orange triangle) and genetic (lower-left green triangle) correlations between retinal vascular phenotypes, clustered by absolute phenotypic correlation distance, 1 − |corr | . The 17 phenotypes are (A: artery, V: vein): main temporal angles (‘A/V temporal angle’), median tortuosities and their ratio (‘A/V tortuosity’ and ‘ratio tortuosity’), central retinal equivalents and their ratio (‘A/V central retinal eq’ and ‘ratio central retinal eq’), diameter variabilities (‘A/V std diameter’), vascular densities and their ratio (‘A/V vascular density’ and ‘ratio vascular density’), median diameters and their ratio (‘A/V median diameter’ and ‘ratio median diameter’), and the number of bifurcations (‘bifurcations’). Phenotypes were corrected for age, sex, eye geometry, batch effects, and ethnicity before phenotypic clustering and before GWAS (see Methods). b Corresponding phenotype SNP heritabilities, h², and their standard error, estimated using LDSR⁵⁵. In LDSR, heritabilities are estimated as the OLS slope from regressing the mean Chi-squared statistics of SNPs onto their corresponding LD scores, while accounting for the sample size and the total number of SNPs. Sample sizes (phenotypic and genetic respectively): A temporal angle [55.3 k, 54.9 k], V temporal angle [57.9 k, 57.5 k], A tortuosity [68.6 k, 68.1 k], V tortuosity [68.5 k, 68.0k], Ratio tortuosity [68.5 k, 68.0 k], A central retinal eq [65.5 k, 65.0 k], V central retinal eq [65.8 k, 65.4 k], Ratio central retinal eq [64.9 k, 64.4 k], A std diameter [68.5 k, 68.0 k], V std diameter [68.5 k, 68.0 k], Bifurcations [68.2 k, 67.8 k], A vascular density [68.7 k, 68.2 k], V vascular density [68.7 k, 68.2 k], Ratio vascular density [68.4 k, 68.0 k], A median diameter [68.6 k, 68.1 k], V median diameter [68.5 k, 68.0 k], Ratio median diameter [68.5 k, 68.0 k].