Fig. 5: Genetic correlations and causal effect estimates between IDPs and risk factors.

a Genetic correlation between IDPs and risk factors, computed using LDSR⁵⁵. UKBB sample sizes are given in the ‘N GWAS’ column in Supplementary Table 2, and corresponding disease sample sizes are described on the Neale lab website (see Methods). The colour indicates the genetic correlation coefficient and the asterisks indicate the level of statistical significance (^∗p < 0.05/N_test, ^∗∗p < 0.001/N_test, being N_test = N_{IDP s} × N_{LinearDiseases}). b Correlation between phenotypic and genetic correlations of IDPs with risk factors. c Causal effect estimates with risk factors as exposures and IDPs as outcomes. d Causal effect estimates with IDPs as exposures and risk factors as outcomes. The colour indicates the causal effect estimates based on the F statistic of the inverse variance-weighted MR method. The level of statistical significance is indicated with a single asterisk for nominal significance without correction for multiple testing (^∗p_uncorrected < 0.05) and two asterisks for a FDR (^∗∗p_FDR < 0.05). Risk factor genetic sample sizes: DBP and SBP: 340 k; High BP: 360 k; PR: 340 k; Pulse wave ASI: 118 k; HDL cholesterol: 315 k; LDL direct: 344 k; Triglycerides: 344 k; HbA1c: 344 k; Alcohol intake frequency: 361 k; Smoking status: 360 k; BMI: 360 k. And, IDPs genetic sample sizes: A temporal angle: 55 k; V temporal angle: 58 k; A/V and ratio tortuosity: 68 k; A, V and ratio central retinal eq: 65 k; A/V std diameter and bifurcations: 68 k; A/V and ratio vascular density: 68 k; A/V and ratio median diameter: 68 k.