Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of the reaction systems for photocatalytic H2O2 production.

a Previously reported photocatalytic systems for H2O2 production including the monophasic system, H2O-oil biphasic system, and gas-solid-liquid triphasic system. The colors yellow, blue, and pink represent the photocatalyst, water phase, and oil phase, respectively, while the gray grids denote the hydrophobic support. b Biphasic fluid system that enables continuous H2O2 photosynthesis, separation, and extraction. The colors yellow, blue, and pink represent the photocatalyst, water phase, and oil phase, respectively.