Fig. 3: Photocatalytic H₂O₂ production on PF-BTTA-COF in the biphasic fluid system.

a Photographs of the home-built biphasic fluid photocatalytic system in operation. Dashed squares highlight (i) the T-shape mixer for mixing water and oil flows and (ii) spontaneous product separation and collection. b Schematic illustration of H₂O₂ formation in TFT and migration across the oil-water interfaces. c Typical images of oil-water segments formed inside tubular flow channels at different flow rates and F_W/F_O ratios. d H₂O₂ production rate and average solution concentration from the biphasic fluid system at different flow rates (F_W = F_O). Error bars represent the standard deviations of three independent experiments. e H₂O₂ production rate and average solution concentration at different F_W/F_O ratios (F_W + F_O = 2.12 mL min⁻¹). Error bars represent the standard deviations of three independent experiments. f Performance comparison of PF-BTTA-COF in our biphasic fluid system with those of other state-of-the-art photocatalysts in terms of H₂O₂ production rate and concentration. Open and filled circles represent the studies in pure water and in the presence of sacrificial electron donors, respectively.