Table 2 DiD regression results predicting third grade math Z-score for 4289 children in Jackson, Swain, and Graham Counties, 2008–2017, as a function of American Indian race/ethnicity, duration of mother’s exposure to family cash transfer as a child, and other covariates

Variables	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	coef	p-value	95% CI	Coef	p-value	95% CI	Coef	p-value	95% CI
AI race/ethnicity (AI) (reference = non-AI)	−0.466	<0.0001	[−0.568 −0.364]	−0.420	<0.0001	[−0.520 −0.320]	−0.315	<0.0001	[−0.415 −0.214]
Duration of potential exposure of mother to family cash transfer in childhood (duration)^a	−0.042	<0.0001	[−0.051 −0.033]	−0.041	<0.0001	[−0.050 −0.032]	−0.014	0.030	[−0.026 −0.001]
Interaction of AI * duration	0.029	0.006	[0.009 0.050]	0.025	0.015	[0.005 0.045]	0.020	0.045	[0.001 0.040]
Offspring Age at test (years)	–		–	41.769	0.021	[6.428 77.110]	32.289	0.065	[−2.062 66.64]
Offspring Age at test² (years)	–		–	−4.076	0.030	[−7.760 −0.392]	−3.136	0.086	[−6.716 0.444]
Offspring Age at test³ (years)				0.130	0.046	[0.002 0.258]	0.100	0.116	[−0.025 0.224]
Male sex at birth (reference = female)	–		–	0.026	0.350	[−0.029 0.081]	0.017	0.534	[−0.037 0.071]
Maternal age (years)							−0.001	0.882	[−0.007 0.006]
Married (ref: not married)	–		–	–		–	0.103	0.002	[0.039 0.167]
Mother’s terminal degree is HS (ref: <HS grad)	–		–	–		–	0.139	0.0003	[0.064 0.215]
Mother pursued >HS degree (ref: <HS grad)	–		–	–		–	0.487	<0.0001	[0.406 0.569]
Tobacco use during pregnancy							−0.119	0.0006	[−0.187 −0.051]
Infant Birth Weight (continuous, in grams)	–		–				0.0001	0.019	[0.0000 0.0001]
Intercept included	yes			yes			yes

^aThis variable indicates the number of years of possible receipt of cash transfer for AI participants; for non-AI participants, it represents an age control.
^bWe applied generalized estimating equation regressions⁵⁰ using maximum likelihood estimators, to predict the test score outcomes (PROC GENMOD in SAS). We used two-tailed tests for all statistical analyses.

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