Table 3 DiD regression results predicting third grade reading Z-score for 4254 children in Jackson, Swain, and Graham Counties, 2008–2017, as a function of American Indian race/ethnicity, duration of mother’s exposure to family cash transfer as a child, and other covariates

Variables	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Coef	p-value	95% CI	Coef	p-value	95% CI	Coef	p-value	95% CI
AI race/ethnicity (AI) (reference = non-AI)	−0.546	<0.0001	[−0.649 −0.442]	−0.494	<0.0001	[−0.595 −0.392]	−0.406	<0.0001	[−0.415 −0.214]
Duration of potential exposure of mother to family cash transfer in childhood (duration)^a	−0.045	<0.0001	[−0.054 −0.036]	−0.043	<0.0001	[−0.052 −0.034]	−0.012	0.063	[−0.026 −0.001]
Interaction of AI * duration	0.034	0.001	[0.013 0.055]	0.028	0.007	[0.008 0.049]	0.024	0.018	[0.001 0.040]
Offspring Age at test (years)	–		–	77.452	<0.0001	[41.111 113.793]	66.880	0.0002	[−2.062 66.64]
Offspring Age at test² (years)	–		–	−7.748	<0.0001	[−11.539 −3.958]	−6.697	0.0004	[−6.716 0.444]
Offspring Age at test³ (years)				0.256	0.0001	[0.124 0.387]	0.222	0.0007	[−0.025 0.224]
Male sex at birth
(reference = female)	–		–	−0.105	0.0002	[−0.160 −0.050]	−0.109	<0.0001	[−0.037 0.071]
Maternal age (years)							0.004	0.208	[−0.007 0.006]
Married (ref: not married)	–		–	–		–	0.003	0.930	[0.039 0.167]
Mother’s terminal degree is HS (ref: <HS grad)	–		–	–		–	0.182	<0.0001	[0.064 0.215]
Mother pursued >HS degree (ref: <HS grad)	–		–	–		–	0.566	<0.0001	[0.406 0.569]
Tobacco use during pregnancy							−0.056	0.111	[−0.187 −0.051]
Infant birth weight (continuous, in grams)	–		–				0.0001	0.016	[0.0000 0.0001]
Intercept included	Yes			Yes			Yes

^aThis variable indicates number of years of possible receipt of cash transfer for AI participants; for non-AI participants, it represents an age control.
^bWe applied generalized estimating equation regressions⁵⁰ using maximum likelihood estimators, to predict the test score outcomes (PROC GENMOD in SAS). We used two-tailed tests for all statistical analyses.

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