Fig. 6: The kinetochore dynein module acts in parallel to chromokinesin and the Ndc80 module to biorient chromosomes.
From: Kinetochore dynein is sufficient to biorient chromosomes and remodel the outer kinetochore
a Schematic summary highlighting the parallel action of the kinetochore dynein module and the combination of chromokinesin and the Ndc80 module in chromosome biorientation. Only the chromokinesin-Ndc80 module combination is able to drive congression to the spindle equator. b Speculative model, based on biophysical analysis of dynein engagement with depolymerizing microtubule ends, for how a dynamic microtubule end-coupled state may underlie the orientation function of kinetochore dynein. In brief, a rapidly depolymerizing spindle microtubule end reaches laterally bound kinetochore dynein, which suppresses depolymerization and transmits a force that rotates the chromosome to orient it toward a spindle pole.
