Fig. 2: Transcriptomic profiles of PVH^OT neurons in VPA-treated mice.

a Schematics of single nucleus RNA-seq data collection and analysis. tdT, tdTomato from the Ai9 allele. Universal manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) representation of all nucleus data are also shown. b,c UMAP representation of vGluT2+ excitatory clusters (b) and OT gene expression, with a color scale showing log-normalized expression (c). d Violin plots of OT, and three genetic markers (Sox5, Reln, and Esr2 genes) to distinguish parvocellular (cluster 18) and magnocellular (cluster 19) PVH^OT neurons. *p < 0.05 by the two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. e Volcano plots representing DEGs (upregulated, red dots; downregulated, blue dots) in the parvocellular and magnocellular PVH^OT neurons. The X-axis represents the log₂-transformed fold-change ratios, and the Y-axis represents the log₁₀-transformed p-value. The number (n) of genes analyzed is indicated in the panel. The p-values are based on the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test without adjustments for multiple comparisons. f The numbers of upregulated (red) and downregulated (blue) DEGs within the vGluT2+ clusters. Clusters 25–29 were excluded from the analysis as the number of nuclei was too small (fewer than 57). g Number of ASD risk factor DEGs within the upregulated (red frame) and downregulated (blue frame) DEGs. h Heatmaps of the log₂-transformed fold change for ASD risk factor DEGs found within the parvocellular and magnocellular PVH^OT neurons. The color codes for graphs (g) and gene names (h) show the rank of ASD risk²¹. For more data, see Supplementary Figs. 2–4. See Supplementary Information for exact p-values. Source data are provided as Source Data files.