Table 1 Evaluation of Criteria 1–3 under each light environment and photoreceptor visual sensitivity condition

From: Evidence for ecological tuning of anuran biofluorescent signals

Condition (Environment and Photoreceptor)

Excitation

Emission

Meet Criterion 1 (Absorb Dominant Environment)

Meet Criterion 2 (Contrast Environment)

Meet Criterion 3 (Match Vision)

Daylight and RS Cone

UV

Blue

no

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p = 0.0112)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

VI

Green

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p = 0.9979) / species (p = 0.9453)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p = 0.0079)

RB

Green

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p = 0.9967) / species (p = 0.9669)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

Orange

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

Under Canopy and RS Cone

UV

Blue

no

individual (p = 0.9373) / species (p = 0.8852)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

VI

Green

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p = 0.6994) / species (p = 0.7726)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p = 0.0079)

RB

Green

no (p = 0.996)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

Orange

no (p = 0.996)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p = 0.9998)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

Twilight and GS Rod

UV

Blue

no

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

VI

Green

yes (p < 0.0001)

individual (p = 0.9953) / species (p = 0.8154)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

RB

Green

yes (p < 0.0001)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

Orange

yes (p < 0.0001)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

Full Moon and GS Rod

UV

Blue

no

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

VI

Green

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p = 0.5444) / species (p = 0.6849)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

RB

Green

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p = 0.9996)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

Orange

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

Starlight and GS Rod

UV

Blue

no

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

VI

Green

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

RB

Green

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

individual (p < 0.0001) / species (p < 0.0001)

Orange

no (p > 0.9999)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p = 0.9760)

individual (p > 0.9999) / species (p > 0.9999)

  1. Bolded values indicate significance at α = 0.05. Only blue light induced green fluorescence meets all of Criteria 1–3 (p < 0.0001; italicized row). Sample sizes are n = 152, 151, 86, and 130 for each emission type, respectively, where there are 27 overlapping species across blue-light-induced induced green and orange emission to account for multiple peaks in some fluorescent emission spectra.