Fig. 4: Possible mechanism.

a Main reaction pathway for catalytic two-electron water oxidation to H2O2 in a high-concentration K2CO3 solution. b Free-energy diagram of two-electron water oxidation to H2O2 on partially oxidized Pt(111) and α-Ni(OH)2(001). c The structures of OH− and CO32− adsorption on partially oxidized Pt(111), and the adatom coverage of oxygen is 0.2 ML. d α-Ni(OH)2(001) surface. Compared to OH−, CO32− exhibits strong adsorption on partially oxidized Pt(111) surface.