Table 2 Comparative performance of the Cytophone and conventional diagnostics used in the study
From: Noninvasive in vivo photoacoustic detection of malaria with Cytophone in Cameroon
Characteristic | qPCR as reference | Nested PCR as reference | Microscopy as reference | RDT as reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnostic method | Nested PCR | Microscopy | RDT | Cytophone | Microscopy | RDT | Cytophone | RDT | Cytophone | Cytophone |
Results, n | ||||||||||
True positive | 43 | 19 | 43 | 33 | 20 | 41 | 31 | 20 | 18 | 37 |
False positive | 4 | 1 | 13 | 8 | 0 | 15 | 10 | 36 | 23 | 4 |
True negative | 32 | 35 | 23 | 28 | 47 | 32 | 37 | 38 | 51 | 34 |
False-negative | 15 | 39 | 15 | 25 | 27 | 6 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 19 |
Performance characteristics, % (95% CI) a | ||||||||||
Sensitivity | 74 (61−85) | 33 (21−46) | 74 (61−85) | 57 (43−70) | 43 (28−58) | 87 (74−95) | 66 (51−79) | 100 (83−100) | 90 (68−99) | 66 (52−78) |
Specificity | 89 (74−97) | 97 (85−100) | 64 (46−79) | 78 (61−90) | 100 (92−100) | 68 (53−81) | 79 (64−89) | 51 (39−63) | 69 (57−79) | 89 (75−97) |
Positive predictive value | 91 (80−98) | 95 (75−100) | 77 (64−87) | 80 (65−91) | 100 (83−100) | 73 (60−84) | 76 (60−88) | 36 (23−50) | 44 (28−60) | 90 (77−97) |
Negative predictive value | 68 (53−81) | 47 (36−59) | 61 (43−76) | 53 (39−67) | 64 (52−74) | 84 (69−94) | 70 (56−82) | 100 (91−100) | 96 (87−100) | 64 (50−77) |
Accuracy | 80 (70−87) | 57 (47−68) | 70 (60−79) | 65 (54−74) | 71 (61−80) | 78 (68−86) | 72 (62−81) | 62 (51−72) | 73 (63−82) | 76 (66−84) |
ROC curve AUC | 0.82 (0.72−0.88) | 0.65 (0.58−0.71) | 0.69 (0.58−0.78) | 0.70 (0.60−0.78) | 0.71 (0.63−0.78) | 0.78 (0.68−0.85) | 0.76 (0.66−0.84) | 0.76 (0.69−0.81) | 0.84 (0.71−0.91) | 0.79 (0.70−0.86) |
AUC comparison (p-value) b | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.85 | Ref | 0.30 | 0.74 | Ref | 0.12 | Ref | – |
