Fig. 1: The comparison of the conventional alginate microcapsule and the respiratoid biosystem for therapeutic cell encapsulation under a hypoxic microenvironment.
From: Oxygenating respiratoid biosystem for therapeutic cell transplantation
a The workflow for this study on the respiratoid biosystem. (1) CTP is conjugated to alginate (Al-CTP) for the matrix of respiratoid biosystem. (2) Respiratoid biosystem is implemented with Al-CTP and isolated chloroplasts. (3) CTP anchored to the outer chloroplast membrane. (4) This CTP not only augments the structural stability of isolated chloroplasts but also upregulates key photosynthesis-associated genes. b Dysfunction of encapsulated cells in alginate microcapsule due to hypoxic stress. c Maintenance of encapsulated cell’s function in the respiratoid biosystem due to sustained oxygen supply from the isolated chloroplasts activated by the CTP. The isolated chloroplasts can produce oxygen by consuming CO2, a cellular respiration by-product. d The magnified illustration depicts the CTP anchored to the isolated chloroplast’s outer membrane.
