Fig. 1: Study design and clinical data for the 31 enrolled patients.

a Tumor, blood, and secondary lymphoid organ (SLO) collection from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with nivolumab monotherapy for imaging mass cytometry (IMC), mass flow cytometry (MC), and multicolor flow cytometry (FC). Among the 31 enrolled patients, one patient (KU10) was ineligible for analysis due to no history of fluoropyrimidine-based and platinum-based chemotherapy. For more details, see the “Methods”. b Clinical data and samples analyzed for each of the 31 ESCC patients. TLS: tertiary lymphoid structure, R: responder, NR: non-responder, NE: not evaluable, NA: not applicable. c Clinical outcomes of 30 eligible ESCC patients: responders (complete response; CR + partial response; PR + stable disease; SD or non-CR/non-PD ≥ 6 months), non-responders (SD or non-CR/non-PD < 6 months + progressive disease; PD). d Representative PD-L1 immunostaining for an ESCC patient. Combined positive score (CPS) in Rs (n = 9 patients) vs. NRs (n = 13 patients); two-sided Mann-Whitney U-test (P = 0.95). Five NE cases are excluded. PD-L1 staining across 27 independent samples was validated by a pathologist to ensure accuracy. d Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. a was created in BioRender. Kenro, T. (2024) BioRender.com/s50j163. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.