Table 1 Comparison of papers studying storage with cost-minimization models
From: The value of long-duration energy storage under various grid conditions in a zero-emissions future
Sisternes et al.23 | Guerra et al. 26 | Dowling et al.24 | Sepulveda et al.25 | This paper | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highlights of study | Storage modelling with unit commitment and capacity expansion | Seasonal storage with transmission constraints modelling | Impact of LDES in a solar, wind and batteries grid, with multi-year optimization | Impact of LDES with thousands of cost and performance scenarios and firm generation | Impact of various generation mixes, transmission deployments, and energy capacity storage mandates on LDES |
Time period modelled | 2035 | 2024–2050 | 1980–2018 | 2045 | 2050 |
Storage technologies modelled | Li-ion, PHS | H2, PHS, CAES | Li-ion, H2, PHS, CAES | Technology-agnostic LDES | Technology-agnostic LDES, existing batteries and PHSa |
Model optimized storage duration | ✗ 2 h or 10 h only | ✗ 1 d, 2 d, 1 w, 2 w, 1 m only | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Model optimized storage power capacity | ✗ Exogenously added ≤ 30 GW of storage | ✗ Exogenously added 2 GW of storage | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Modelled firm low- or no-carbon technologies | ✓ Nuclear | ✓ Nuclear, biomass, hydro, geothermal | ✗ | ✓ Nuclear, natural gas + CCS, blue H2 | ✓ Pre-existing nuclear, biomass, geothermal, hydro |
Modelled unit commitment | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
Transmission lines modelled | 0 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 126 |
Balancing regions modelled | 1 ERCOT | 35 WECC | 1 Contiguous USb | 1 Texas or New Englandc | 50 WECC |
Co-optimized capacity expansion and dispatch | ✓ | ✗ LDES modelled after capacity expansion | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Modelled existing generation capacity | ✗ Greenfield | ✓ | ✗ Greenfield | ✗ Greenfield | ✓ |
Accounted for changing demand patterns due to electrification | ✗ Scaled demand by 1.86% annually | ✗ Scaled demand using regional growth factors | ✗ Used historical loads to model 1980–2018 | ✓ Scaled demand by 1% annually. High-electrification scenarios used an adjusted load profile | ✓ Scaled demand accounting for increased energy efficiency, building electrification and zero emission vehicles |
Zero-emissions study | ✗ ~60–90% emission reductions | ✗ 80% renewable portfolio standard | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Hourly temporal resolution | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ~d |
≥ 1 year storage balancing horizon | ✗ 1 week | ✓ 1 year | ✓ Up to 6 years | ✓ 1 year | ✓ 1 year |
