Fig. 1: Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-annealing treatments.
From: Ultraflat Cu(111) foils by surface acoustic wave-assisted annealing
a Schematic of the SAW-annealing treatment system, consisting of the traditional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system, the SAW generator, and the connected quartz shelf. b Photograph of treated Cu foils on the quartz shelf. c–e Large-area optical images of Cu surfaces captured from the as-received (c), the traditionally annealed (d), and the SAW-treated (e) Cu foils. f Surface roughness measured on produced Cu foils under different treatment durations during the SAW-annealing process. The annealing temperature, SAW power, and frequency are abbreviated as T, P, and f, respectively. g Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the Cu surface during SAW-annealing at 1323 K. The average potential energy of Cu atoms was calculated and color-coded. h Comparison of the surface roughness during traditional annealing (blue) and SAW annealing (red). The horizontal axis (time) is displayed on a nonlinear scale.
