Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance of the waterproof electrode.

a Galvanostatic voltage curves of symmetric cells with water-treated pristine Mg or PDG-Mg electrodes in a conventional non-nucleophilic electrolyte at 1.0 mA cm−2 and 1.0 mAh cm−2 (b, d) SEM and (c, e) AFM images of water-treated pristine Mg or PDG-Mg electrodes resulted from the symmetric cells after 10 cycles at 1.0 mA cm−2 and 1.0 mAh cm−2. f Galvanostatic voltage curves of symmetric cells with water-treated pristine Mg or PDG-Mg electrodes in a conventional non-nucleophilic electrolyte at 3.0 mA cm−2 and 3.0 mAh cm−2. g Cycling performance of water-treated PDG-Mg | |Mo6S8 full cell. h Comparison of our PDG interphase with other reported artificial interphases as summarized in Table S1.