Fig. 3: Sibling comparisons and active comparison with lamotrigine by ASM exposure during pregnancy.
From: Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children’s neurodevelopmental outcomes
The pooled estimates for (A) sibling comparisons (within-family hazard ratio) and (B) active comparison with lamotrigine (hazard ratio) by ASM prescription during pregnancy. All estimates are adjusted for maternal age, region, diagnosis of neurodevelopmental conditions before pregnancy, evidence of hazardous drinking and illicit drug use during pregnancy, gravidity, health care utilization, seizure events, use of antipsychotics and antidepressants in the year prior to pregnancy, vomiting or antiemetic prescriptions during pregnancy, and socioeconomic position. Error bars show 95% confidence limits. The presented measures were estimated using fixed-effects meta-analysis on the log-hazard ratio scale. Sample size for figure: Total cohort = 3,182,771, No ASM = 3,165,276, Carbamazepine = 3030, Gabapentin = 1428, Lamotrigine = 5974, Levetiracetam = 806, Phenytoin = 240, Pregabalin = 1715, Topiramate = 418, Valproate = 1601, Other ASM = 543, Polytherapy = 1740. * Sibling comparison results for phenytoin are presented in the text. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ASM antiseizure medication, HR hazard ratio.
