Fig. 4: Early-stage stimulation promoted functional maturation of organoids via OBCIs.
From: Constructing organoid-brain-computer interfaces for neurofunctional repair after brain injury
A This schematic illustrates the timeline for early-stage stimulation; (B) Images of behavioral tests; (C, D) Electrophysiology of stimulated organoids in vivo at intervals of the day; (C) firing rate and (D) energy of Gamma band for LFP, n = 6 mice, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01; (E) High-pass trace of a representative 3-second recording at 120 dpt; (F) Raster plot for 60 seconds at 120 dpt; (G–J) Electrophysiology of organoids in vivo after stimulation at 40, 60, 90, 120, and 180 dpt. (G) firing rate, (H) spike amplitude, (I) burst number per min, and (J) burst duration, n = 6 mice (40, 60, 90 and 120 dpt) and n = 3 mice (180 dpt), *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01; (K–L) Power spectral density and spectrogram from the entire recordings at 120 dpt. (K) Power spectral density and (L) Spectrogram; (M) Quantifying total power percentage of Gamma in vivo at 40, 60, 90, 120, and 180 dpt, n = 6 mice (40, 60, 90 and 120 dpt) and 3 (180 dpt), *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01; (N) Intensity distribution of PAC at 60 and 120 dpt; (O) Theta-Gamma PAC quantifications of organoids in vivo after stimulation at 40, 60, 90, 120, and 180 dpt, n = 6 mice (40, 60, 90 and 120 dpt) and n = 3 mice (180 dpt), **P < 0.01; (P) Spectrograms derived from the entire electrodes in the Naïve, BO-ET-ES and BO-ET groups during withdrawal in the von Frey test at 180 dpt; (Q) Change of total power percentage of Gamma and high Gamma and Theta-Gamma coupling post withdrawal compared to baseline in the Naïve, BO-ET-ES and BO-ET groups in the von Frey test at 60, 120, and 180 dpt, n = 9 withdraws (60 dpt in Naïve), 10 withdraws (120 dpt in Naïve), 9 withdraws (180 dpt in Naïve), 10 withdraws (60 dpt in BO-ET), 9 withdraws (120 dpt in BO-ET), 9 withdraws (180 dpt in BO-ET), 10 withdraws (60 dpt in BO-ET-ES), 12 withdraws (120 dpt in BO-ET-ES) and 9 withdraws (180 dpt in BO-ET-ES) from 3 mice in each group, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Data is shown as Mean ± SD. Statistical significance was tested with Two-way ANOVA for C, G–J, O, and Q.
