Fig. 5: Garimpo legislation and expansion inside indigenous lands.

In the upper right corner, a Landsat 8 annual mosaic from 2022 is shown. In the top left, a Kayapo garimpo conglomerate, highlighted in red, extends for more than 20 km. At the bottom, the yellow bars show the evolution of Amazonian extraction within indigenous lands from 1985–2022, expressed in km². The red line denotes the annual volatility of international gold prices, expressed in USD per troy ounce (World Gold Council). Each black line denotes the year a specific law, resolution, or bill was ratified, directly impacting the recent garimpo spread in the Brazilian Amazon. The annual composites are derived from the Landsat 8, Collection 2, Tier 1, TOA dataset, which is courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.