Fig. 4: Power density characterization and high-speed DEA rotary motor under low electric fields.

a Frequency dependence of actuated area strain for LA-CP-3 at 20 MV m−1. b The relationship of specific power density calculated from area strain and electrically-driving frequency. The dimension of W m−3 and W kg−1 can be converted mutually via the density of LA-CP-3 (\(\rho\) = 970 kg m−3). c Comparison of specific power density to driving electric field among LA-CP-3 (in this work), HASEL41, multilayer PDMS40, silicone double cone DEA42, silicone linear actuator4,11,22, PHDE (acrylates)3, robotic insect based on PDMS29, Peano-HASEL43, multilayer acrylates23,24. d Comparison of specific power density to driving frequency among above materials. e The driving principle of the DEA rotary motor. f The rotating speed of DEA motor with driving frequencies under varied driving electric fields. The target rotating speed is theoretically calculated based on the transmission design. g Video captures of the DEA rotary motor at 1245 rpm. The scale bar is 10 mm.