Fig. 4: New time-calibrated evolutionary tree for the major groups of early therapsids.

Maximum compatible tree from relaxed morphological clock Bayesian inference analysis under the skyline fossilised birth-death tree model (SFBD) using tip-dating and the best fitting clock model (see Methods and Supplementary Table 1). All the major therapsid groups originated much later than ‘total group’ therapsids, but radiated in a relatively short time span of only ca. 10 Myr. Red star indicates single node calibration based on new Mallorca specimen (see Supplementary Fig. 6 for variance in divergence time estimates with and without new data from the Mallorcan site). Node values represent posterior probabilities (top) and median ages (bottom, in bold). Node violin plots (cyan) represent the distribution of the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals. All silhouettes produced by TRS.