Fig. 3: Decomposition result for the top 10 RBA countries, 2009–2019.

Changes in tourism carbon footprints can be attributed to production factors: technology (blue) and supply chain (red) and consumer factors: per capita expenditure (yellow), population (purple), and private vehicle use (green). Negative values indicate the extent to which emissions are reduced through a particular factor, ceteris paribus. Conversely, positive values demonstrate how that particular factor contributes to an increase in emissions.