Fig. 9: NVT-adjuvanted intranasal vaccine contributes to cross-protection in the ferret model. | Nature Communications

Fig. 9: NVT-adjuvanted intranasal vaccine contributes to cross-protection in the ferret model.

From: A vaccine platform targeting lung-resident memory CD4+ T-cells provides protection against heterosubtypic influenza infections in mice and ferrets

Fig. 9: NVT-adjuvanted intranasal vaccine contributes to cross-protection in the ferret model.

Ferrets (n = 6 per group) were vaccinated i.m. with H3N2 or i.n. with H3N2 + NVT twice at two-week intervals. Two weeks after the last immunization, immune response analysis (n = 3 per group) (a, b) and H1N1 virus (A/Korea/2785/2009) challenge (n = 3 per group) (c) were performed. a HAI antibody titers against H3N2 or H1N1 in serum were measured by HAI assay. An HAI antibody titer of 1:40 (red dotted line) was considered protective against influenza infection. b Lung and spleen cells were stimulated with H1N1 or H3N2 for 3 days, and the production of IFN-γ in the culture supernatant was measured using ELISA. a, b Data are expressed as dot plots, with horizontal lines representing the medians. c The vaccinated ferrets were infected i.n. with 1 × 107 PFU of H1N1 virus. Nasal wash samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, and 5 post-challenge, and viral titers were determined using a plaque assay. Data are shown as mean value ± SD. a–c Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test or two-sided Mann–Whitney U test. The ferret study was performed independently three times, and one representative set is shown. N.D., not detected; ns, not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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