Fig. 2: Carbon footprint profile of battery cells with NMC811 cathodes.
From: Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials
a Top: probability density functions for global (black) and regionalised (coloured) production regions. Bottom: Jitter plot with boxplots (90% confidence interval, 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 95th percentiles). One dot in the jitter plot represents a conceptual 1 GWh manufacturing plant with a unique combination of production location and CFs of lithium carbonate, nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and graphite. See Supplementary Table 3 for the tabulated values. Region acronyms: CN: China, US: United States, EU: Europe, KRJP: Korea + Japan. b Relative CF contributions averaged for 100 data points around the global median CF. See Supplementary Table 5 for the tabulated values. c Relative variance contributions of sampled parameters for the global Monte Carlo dataset. See Supplementary Table 6 for the tabulated values. a–c without nickel laterite mining are available in Supplementary Fig. 7. a is also available in a per-kg unit in Supplementary Fig. 5. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
