Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
No maternal PCOS (N = 6 787 980) | Maternal PCOS (N = 51 723) | |
|---|---|---|
Characteristics of offspring | ||
Study country, n (%) | ||
Denmark | 2 648 462 (39.0) | 20 235 (39.1) |
Sweden | 4 139 518 (61.0) | 31 488 (60.9) |
Calendar year of birth, n (%) | ||
1973–1978 | 990 991 (14.6) | 523 (1.0) |
1979–1984 | 864 661 (12.7) | 1 088 (2.1) |
1985–1990 | 972 874 (14.3) | 2 054 (4.0) |
1991–1996 | 1 034 976 (15.3) | 3 971 (7.7) |
1997–2002 | 887 817 (13.1) | 6 428 (12.4) |
2003–2008 | 951 753 (14.0) | 13 267 (25.7) |
2009–2016 | 1 084 908 (16.0) | 24 392 (47.2) |
Male, n (%) | 3 487 321 (51.4) | 26 683 (51.6) |
Congenital heart disease, n (%) | 100 170 (1.5) | 1 243 (2.4) |
Preterm birth, n (%) | 310 119 (4.6) | 3 683 (7.1) |
Small for gestational age, n (%) | 634 672 (9.3) | 4 304 (8.3) |
Large for gestational age, n (%) | 633 386 (9.3) | 6 823 (13.2) |
Maternal characteristics | ||
Country of origin same as the study country, n (%) | 5 833 226 (85.9) | 41 170 (79.6) |
Age at the time of the index birth (years), n (%) | ||
≤19 | 203 895 (3.0) | 1 488 (2.9) |
20–24 | 1 358 370 (20.0) | 9 699 (18.8) |
25–29 | 2 405 425 (35.4) | 17 895 (34.6) |
30–34 | 1 908 878 (28.1) | 15 671 (30.3) |
≥35 | 911 412 (13.4) | 6 970 (13.5) |
Level of education at the time of the index birth, n (%) | ||
Primary and lower secondary | 1 494 582 (22.0) | 9 931 (19.2) |
Upper secondary | 3 062 090 (45.1) | 22 076 (42.7) |
Bachelor or higher | 2 114 942 (31.2) | 19 240 (37.2) |
Unknown | 116 366 (1.7) | 476 (0.9) |
Being married/registered partnership at the time of the index birth, n (%) | 3 503 391 (51.6) | 24 860 (48.1) |
Parity at the time of the index birth, n (%) | ||
1 | 2 945 493 (43.4) | 28 453 (55.0) |
2 | 2 496 503 (36.8) | 16 924 (32.7) |
≥3 | 1 345 984 (19.8) | 6 346 (12.3) |
Smoking in early pregnancy, n (%) | 792 278 (16.3) | 5 953 (12.0) |
Body-mass index in early pregnancy (kg/m2), n (%) | ||
<18.5 | 128 808 (3.15) | 739 (1.64) |
18.5–24.9 | 2 013 501 (49.3) | 16 424 (36.4) |
25.0–29.9 | 768 683 (18.8) | 11 850 (26.3) |
≥30.0 | 323 297 (7.91) | 11 264 (25.0) |
Unknown | 854 281 (20.9) | 4 806 (10.7) |
Assisted reproductive treatment, n (%) | 94 478 (2.9) | 7 869 (17.1) |
Diabetes before delivery, n (%) | 100 147 (1.5) | 3 263 (6.3) |
Hypertensive disease before delivery, n (%) | 233 635 (3.4) | 3 944 (7.6) |
Psychiatric disorders before delivery, n (%) | 292 070 (4.3) | 5 919 (11.4) |
Family history of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 3 087 825 (45.5) | 23 047 (44.6) |
