Fig. 3: Model-guided pathway design and construction of microbial cell factories for biochemical production using Z. mobilis as the chassis.

a Model-guided pathway design strategy and metabolic pathway of biochemicals production from glucose, xylose, or glycerol. b Summary of succinic acid production in recombinant Z. mobilis with different strategies. c The titer of ethylene glycerol, xylonic acid, glycolic acid, and 1,4-butanediol in recombinant strains from xylose through Dahms pathway. d The titer of 1,3-PDO from glycerol by overexpressing different dhaB. The solid represents a one-step reaction, while the dotted line indicates a multi-step reaction. Metabolites: 2D3DXA: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-xylonate, 5HKG: 5-hydroxy-α-ketoglutarate, 6PG: 6-phospho-gluconate, AcCoA: acetyl-CoA, EG: ethylene glycol, GA: glycolate, G3P: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G6P: glucose-6-phosphate, HBA: hydroxy-butyraldehyde, KdcA: keto-acid decarboxylase, KDPG: 2-keto-3-dehydro-6-phosphogluconate, KGAS: ketoglutaric semialdehyde, OAA: oxaloacetate, PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate, XA: xylonic acid. Enzymes: Adh: alcohol dehydrogenase, AldA: aldehyde dehydrogenase, DhaB: glycerol dehydratase, Frd: fumarate reductase, FumC, fumarate hydratase, Mdh, malate dehydrogenase, Pdc: pyruvate decarboxylase, Ppc, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, Xdh: D-xylose dehydrogenase, XylX: 2-dehydro3-deoxy-D-xylonate dehydratase, YagE: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-xylonate aldolase, YagF: D-xylonate dehydratase, YqhD: aldehyde reductase. Genes: CbdhaB from Clostridium butyricum, CfdhaB from Citrobacter freundii, Kppdu and kpdhaB were from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Brown font represents carbon source. Blue, green, orange background colors represent C2, C3, C4 compounds, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed Student t-test. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001 versus wild-type strain. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.