Fig. 5: TEA and LCA of D-lactate production using the corncob residue.

a Schematic diagram of the industrial production process of D-lactate. b Single-point sensitivity analysis of the minimum selling price to produce 31,100 tons/year of D-lactate. c Minimum selling price (MSP) of lactic acid in various prospective scenarios. d Contribution analysis of the cradle-to-gate global warming potential to produce 1 kg of D-lactate. e Global warming potential comparison of producing 1 kg of lactic acid and fossil-based organic acid. D-LA: D-lactate.