Fig. 6: In vivo assessment of flow-mediated by balloon catheter occlusions.
From: A soft thermal sensor for the continuous assessment of flow in vascular access
a Schematic illustrating local occlusions at positions proximal, medial, and distal to the flow sensing device. b Images of deflated and inflated balloon catheter. c–e In vivo arterial occlusions and reperfusion events in a swine model. c Angiography of occlusions at locations proximal, medial, and distal to the mounted device. The point of occlusion and direction of flow are indicated with arrows. d Real-time flow sensing during successive occlusion (no-flow) and reperfusion (patent-flow) events at each location (n = 1 technical replicate measured in triplicate). Asterisks (*) indicate the time at which angiograms in (c) were recorded. e. Table summarizing time constants for occlusion (τocclude), reperfusion (τreperfuse), and heater ΔT response to occlusion (n = 3 technical replicates, mean ± SD). f, g Real-time flow sensing during successive occlusions (75% for biomimetic vs 100% for graft) and reperfusion (patent-flow) events with the biomimetic vessel (f) and vascular graft (g) at each location (n = 3 technical replicates measured in triplicate). Inset data summarizes time constants for τocclude, τreperfuse, and heater ΔΔT after occlusion at each location. The PD is 1 mW/mm2 for all experiments. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
