Table 2 Associations between skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and brain volumes via MRI (n = 649)

From: Higher skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity is associated with preserved brain structure up to over a decade

		Cross-sectional associations				Longitudinal associations
		β	SE	p-value	FDR-adj. p	β	SE	p-value	FDR-adj. p
Global	SPARE-BA (brain aging) scores	−0.0427	0.0226	0.0596	0.5189	−0.0052	0.0020	0.0109	0.0417
Global	SPARE-AD (Alzheimer’s disease) scores	−0.0209	0.0372	0.5743	0.8759	−0.0053	0.0035	0.1302	0.1891
Ventricles	Ventricle	−1.5795	0.7026	0.0249	0.3987	−0.0678	0.0378	0.0731	0.1350
	Lateral ventricle	−1.4327	0.6558	0.0293	0.3987	−0.0581	0.0346	0.0932	0.1497
	3rd ventricle	−0.0346	0.0221	0.1175	0.6791	−0.0024	0.0012	0.0414	0.0942
	4th ventricle	−0.0516	0.0247	0.0374	0.3987	−0.0026	0.0010	0.0097	0.0417
Frontal	Frontal pole	0.0175	0.0311	0.5736	0.8759	0.0023	0.0023	0.3054	0.3726
	Superior frontal gyrus	−0.0693	0.0928	0.4557	0.8759	0.0109	0.0073	0.1350	0.1908
	Middle frontal gyrus	−0.0561	0.1162	0.6296	0.8852	0.0130	0.0084	0.1223	0.1819
	Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus	0.0122	0.0202	0.5450	0.8759	0.0013	0.0012	0.2933	0.3678
	Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus	0.0601	0.0389	0.1235	0.6791	0.0015	0.0020	0.4701	0.5030
	Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus	−0.0253	0.0352	0.4726	0.8759	0.0049	0.0019	0.0103	0.0417
	Medial frontal cortex	0.0427	0.0207	0.0392	0.3987	0.0021	0.0012	0.0875	0.1443
	Anterior orbital gyrus	0.0215	0.0182	0.2361	0.8472	0.0011	0.0013	0.3987	0.4504
	Posterior orbital gyrus	0.0257	0.0278	0.3562	0.8759	0.0045	0.0015	0.0033	0.0416
	Lateral orbital gyrus	0.0250	0.0210	0.2331	0.8472	0.0013	0.0014	0.3462	0.4141
	Medial orbital gyrus	0.0065	0.0284	0.8182	0.9266	0.0042	0.0022	0.0548	0.1113
	Supplementary motor area	0.0331	0.0444	0.4554	0.8759	0.0029	0.0037	0.4278	0.4660
	Subcallosal area	−0.0253	0.0155	0.1024	0.6791	0.0027	0.0010	0.0089	0.0416
	Insula	0.0493	0.0464	0.2888	0.8759	0.0079	0.0035	0.0224	0.0718
	Operculum	−0.0015	0.0553	0.9789	0.9844	0.0103	0.0039	0.0088	0.0416
	Precentral gyrus	0.0607	0.0870	0.4852	0.8759	0.0166	0.0057	0.0035	0.0416
	Frontal white matter	0.2403	0.4641	0.6048	0.8852	0.0520	0.0319	0.1036	0.1620
Parietal	Postcentral gyrus	0.0448	0.0744	0.5469	0.8759	0.0105	0.0045	0.0215	0.0718
	Superior parietal lobe	0.0161	0.0707	0.8202	0.9266	0.0065	0.0048	0.1795	0.2434
	Precuneus	0.0574	0.0929	0.5365	0.8759	0.0110	0.0055	0.0446	0.0971
	Supramarginal gyrus	−0.0736	0.0658	0.2639	0.8759	0.0070	0.0040	0.0852	0.1443
	Angular gyrus	0.1239	0.0781	0.1132	0.6791	0.0075	0.0051	0.1376	0.1908
	Entorhinal cortex	−0.0182	0.0187	0.3316	0.8759	0.0052	0.0019	0.0060	0.0416
	Parahippocampal gyrus	−0.0180	0.0243	0.4588	0.8759	0.0058	0.0021	0.0054	0.0416
	Parietal white matter	0.3078	0.2397	0.1996	0.8118	0.0150	0.0172	0.3858	0.4441
Temporal	Temporal pole	−0.0493	0.0759	0.5166	0.8759	0.0106	0.0052	0.0417	0.0942
	Superior temporal gyrus	0.0202	0.0584	0.7295	0.8852	0.0068	0.0035	0.0524	0.1102
	Middle temporal gyrus	0.1419	0.0945	0.1336	0.6791	0.0196	0.0073	0.0074	0.0416
	Inferior temporal gyrus	−0.0217	0.0698	0.7562	0.8871	0.0132	0.0061	0.0319	0.0847
	Fusiform gyrus	0.0909	0.0643	0.1581	0.7417	0.0035	0.0040	0.3823	0.4441
	Temporal white matter	0.0450	0.2442	0.8540	0.9471	0.0323	0.0155	0.0370	0.0930
Occipital	Occipital pole	0.0544	0.0399	0.1732	0.7547	0.0027	0.0024	0.2688	0.3488
	Superior occipital gyrus	−0.0161	0.0393	0.6814	0.8852	0.0059	0.0019	0.0016	0.0416
	Middle occipital gyrus	0.0171	0.0516	0.7401	0.8852	0.0089	0.0033	0.0070	0.0416
	Inferior occipital gyrus	−0.0177	0.0492	0.7193	0.8852	0.0081	0.0037	0.0313	0.0847
	Occipital fusiform gyrus	0.0990	0.0357	0.0057	0.3478	0.0085	0.0031	0.0063	0.0416
	Medial occipital	0.1158	0.1214	0.3404	0.8759	0.0207	0.0079	0.0085	0.0416
	Occipital white matter	0.3742	0.1572	0.0176	0.3987	−0.0045	0.0075	0.5469	0.5752
Cingulate	Anterior cingulate gyrus	0.0211	0.0463	0.6493	0.8852	0.0070	0.0023	0.0028	0.0416
	Middle cingulate gyrus	−0.0007	0.0375	0.9844	0.9844	0.0057	0.0022	0.0081	0.0416
	Posterior cingulate gyrus	0.0197	0.0322	0.5409	0.8759	0.0041	0.0020	0.0381	0.0930
Basal ganglia and related	Accumbens area	0.0039	0.0049	0.4337	0.8759	−0.0001	0.0004	0.6908	0.7142
	Basal forebrain	0.0020	0.0058	0.7364	0.8852	0.0023	0.0010	0.0155	0.0557
	Amygdala	−0.0032	0.0082	0.6979	0.8852	0.0015	0.0008	0.0627	0.1234
	Hippocampus	−0.0190	0.0262	0.4680	0.8759	0.0020	0.0019	0.2954	0.3678
	Caudate	−0.0043	0.0363	0.9068	0.9704	0.0003	0.0022	0.9066	0.9217
	Putamen	−0.0031	0.0345	0.9286	0.9766	0.0041	0.0024	0.0841	0.1443
	Globus pallidus	0.0114	0.0113	0.3107	0.8759	0.0013	0.0007	0.0666	0.1270
	Thalamus	0.0180	0.0395	0.6478	0.8852	0.0054	0.0025	0.0315	0.0847
	Anterior limb of the internal capsule	0.0201	0.0224	0.3710	0.8759	−0.0001	0.0013	0.9457	0.9457
	Posterior limb of the internal capsule	0.0062	0.0175	0.7223	0.8852	0.0024	0.0014	0.0817	0.1443
	Fornix	−0.0002	0.0051	0.9723	0.9844	0.0008	0.0005	0.1114	0.1699
CC	Corpus callosum	−0.0421	0.0562	0.4542	0.8759	0.0026	0.0022	0.2397	0.3179
Cerebellum	Cerebellum exterior gray matter	−0.1891	0.3136	0.5468	0.8759	0.0138	0.0169	0.4149	0.4601
Cerebellum	Cerebellum white matter	0.0156	0.1046	0.8818	0.9605	0.0093	0.0042	0.0255	0.0778

Note: Statistical results are from linear mixed effects models with significance at two-sided p < 0.05. Bold number indicates p or FDR-ad. p < 0.05. k_PCr and SPARE scores are standardized to Z scores. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes are on the original scale in cm³ for interpretation purposes.

Back to article page

Table 2 Associations between skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and brain volumes via MRI (n = 649)

Search

Quick links